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# Tic-Tac-Toe
# Plays the game of tic-tac-tie against a human opponent
# Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx - 24/10/10
#
# display the game instructions
# determine who goes first
# create an empty tic-tac-toe board
# display the board
# while nobody's won and it's not a tie
# if it's the human's turn
# get the human's move
# update the board with the move
# otherwise
# calculate the computer's move
# update the board with the move
# display the board
# switch turns
# congratulate the winner or declare a tie
#
# functions
# explains the pseudocode into functions
#
# function description
#
# display_instruct() Displays the game instructions.
# def ask_yes_no(question) Asks a yes or no question. Receives a question. Returns either a "y" or a "n".
# def ask_number(question, low, high) Asks for a number within a range. Receives a question, a low number, and a high number. Returns a number in the range from low to high.
# pieces() Determines who goes first. Returns the computer's piece and human's piece.
# new_board() Creates a new, empty game board. Return a board.
# display_board(board) Displays the board on the screen. Receives a board.
# legal_moves(board) Creates a list of legal moves. Receives a board. Returns a list of legal moves.
# winner(board) Determines the game winner. Receives a board. Returns a piece, "TIE" or None.
# human_move(board, human) Gets the human's move from the player. Receives a board and the human's piece. Returns the human's move.
# computer_move(board, computer, human) Calculates the computer's move. Receives a board, the computer piece, and the human piece. Returns the computer's move.
# next_turn(turn) Switches turns based on the current turn. Receives a piece. Returns a piece.
# congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human) Congratulates the winner or declares a tie. Receives the winning piece, the computer's piece, and the human's piece.
# global constants
# "X" and "O" represent the pieces on the board
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = ""
TIE = "TIE"
NUM_SQUARES = 9
def display_instruct():
""" Display game instructions."""
print \
"""
Welcome to the greatest intellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your human brain and my silicon processor.
You will make your move known by entering a numer, 0 - 8. The number
will correspond to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin. \n
"""
def ask_yes_no(question):
""" Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y", "n"):
response = raw_input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question, low, high):
""" Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low, high):
response = int(raw_input(question))
return response
def pieces():
""" Determine if player or computer goes first."""
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move? (y/n): ")
if go_first == "y":
print "\nThen take the first move. You will need it."
human = X
computer = O
else:
print "\nYour bravery will be your undoing... I will go first."
computer = X
human = O
return computer, human
def new_board():
""" Create new game board."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):
""" Display game board on screen."""
print "\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2]
print "\t", "------"
print "\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5]
print "\t", "------"
print "\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n"
def legal_moves(board):
""" Create list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves
def winner(board):
""" Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board, human):
""" Get human move."""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move? (0 - 8): ", 0, NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print "\nThat square is already occupied, foolish human. Choose another.\n"
print "Fine.."
return move
def computer_move(board, computer, human):
""" Make computer move."""
# make a copy to work with since function will be changing list
board = board[:]
# the best positions to have, in order
BEST_MOVES = (4, 0, 2, 6, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7)
print "I shall take square number",
# if computer can win, take that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print move
return move
# done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
# if human can win, block that move
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print move
return move
# done checking this move, undo it
board[move] = EMPTY
# since no one can win on next move, pick best open square
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print move
return move
def next_turn(turn):
""" Switch turns."""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human):
""" Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print the_winner, "won!\n"
else:
print "It's a tie!\n"
if the_winner == computer:
print "As I predicted, human, I am triumphant once more. \n" \
"Proof that computers are superior to humans in all regards."
elif the_winner == human:
print "No, no! It cannot be! Somehow you tricked me, human. \n" \
"But never again! I, the computer, so swears it!"
elif the_winner == TIE:
print "You were most lucky, human, and somehow managed to tie me. \n" \
"Celebrate today... for this is the best you will ever achieve."
def main():
display_instruct()
computer, human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board, human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board, computer)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner, computer, human)
# start the program
main()
raw_input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/jxxsxx/Documents/Programming/Python/Python Homebrew/tic_tac_toe.py", line 217, in <module>
main()
File "/home/jxxsxx/Documents/Programming/Python/Python Homebrew/tic_tac_toe.py", line 209, in main
move = computer_move(board, computer)
TypeError: computer_move() takes exactly 3 arguments (2 given)
I can only think of some indention error :confused:
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