Programming Professional
Some of these are useful hacks, some are just amusing productivity killers. Most of them work on all shells, though if I'm not sure, I'll say so...
Hack #1: Change the prompt
The environment variable PS1 controls the prompt the shell gives you when it asks for a command. You can set it just like any other variable:
The \s, \v, and \$ are escape sequences that represent strings to use for the prompt. This prompt would display the shell name followed by the version number, followed by a dollar sign.Code:export PS1="\s-\v\$ "
Here are some of the escape sequences for the prompt:
\A - time of day (24-hour format)
\H - host name
\h - host name up to the first dot
\s - shell
\u - username
\v - version
\w - working directory
\W - trailing element of the working directory
\! - current command history number
\@ - time of day (12-hour format)
\$ - dollar sign
Note: The Z shell might use a different variable.
Hack #2: Reverse the text of a file
Typing "rev filename" will output the contents of a file, with each line reversed. You can create a backwards file using I/O redirection. This works on both Mac OS X and Linux. I don't know about other systems.
Hack #3: banner
A command created just for fun, present in Unix since the very early days (I learned about it from the 7th Edition Unix Manual).
Here's the banner I created by typing "banner -50 '/usr/bin/banner'":Code:banner -width "text"
Hack #4: screenCode:# #### #### ### #### #### ### #### #### #### #### ### # # ################ ################### #################### #### ### ### ## # # #################### #################### #################### # ##### ### ##### ####### ## ########## ### ###### ## ## ##### # # ##### # # ##### ## ## ##### ### ## ###### ##### ########## ##### ###### # # #################### #################### #################### # ### ## ## ### ####### ####### ####### # #### #### ### #### #### ### #### #### #### #### ### # # # ################################## ################################## ################################## # ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ### ### ##### ###### ################ ############ # # #################### ### #################### ##### #################### ##### # # # #################### #################### #################### # ## ## ## ## # #### #################### ################### ################ # # #### #### ### #### #### ### #### #### #### #### ### # # # ################################## ################################## ################################## # ## ## ## ## ## ## ## ### ### ##### ###### ################ ############ ### ######## ########## ##### #### #### ###### ## ## ## ## ## # ## ## ## ################## ################### ################## ## # # # #################### #################### #################### # ## ## ## ## # #### #################### ################### ################ # # # #################### #################### #################### # ## ## ## ## # #### #################### ################### ################ # ###### ############ ################ ##### ## ##### ### ## ## # ## # # ## # # ## ## # ## #### ## ########## ## ######## #### # # #################### #################### #################### # ### ## ## ### ####### ####### #######
screen is a Unix program that lets you have multiple windows open in the same console. When you enter screen by typing "screen", it brings up a window that gives you information about screen. screen has several keystrokes that you can use, all beginning with Ctrl+A. To add a new window, type Ctrl+A Ctrl+C, or if that doesn't work, Ctrl+A c (type those two keystrokes in succession). You can navigate between windows using keystrokes like Ctrl+A Ctrl+N (go to the next window) and Ctrl+A followed by a number (go to the numbered window). I'm still learning to use this, so I don't know much about it, but here are some of the commands:
Ctrl+A Ctrl+A - go to the last window open
Ctrl+A Ctrl+C - create a new window
Ctrl+A Ctrl+N - go to the next window
Ctrl+A N - go to the Nth window
Ctrl+A k - kill the current window
Ctrl+A " - prompt for which window to go to
Hack #5: Emacs games
Emacs is a great programming environment (the second best after Vim). It's also a great gaming environment. When in Emacs, you can type M-x to get to the games. On some systems (like my Mac), the Meta key is the Escape key. After you type this, you will get a prompt at the bottom of the screen. Enter the title of the game to play. Games include tetris, pong, blackbox, solitaire, dunnet, life, decipher, mpuz, 5x5, hanoi, lm, morse-region, and studlify-region.
Hack #6: Dumb terminal nostalgia
Ever wished you could go back to the days of teletypes and monochrome screens, with the PDP-11 and other ancient computers? Well now you can (sort of), by setting the environment variable TERM to "dumb". Enter this in the command line:
Now the terminal is monochromatic, does not run full-screen apps correctly, and does not recognize escape sequences, just like an old dumb terminal. Kind of a stupid thing to do, but I thought it was kind of neat. To change back, just type "TERM=xterm-color" or whatever your default terminal is.Code:export TERM=dumb
Hack #7: Scheduling tasks with crontab
crontab is used to edit the crontab file that configures cron, a daemon that runs tasks at scheduled times. Make sure you have EDITOR set to vi or emacs or whatever you use, as crontab will open the file in that editor. Here is most of what you need to know:
The syntax for the crontab file is:Code:crontab -u myusername -e
To schedule something for all days, or all hours, you would have a * in that field.Code:minute (0-59) hour (0-23) dayofmonth month dayofweek command
Commands involving terminal output will not work.
Hack #8: Editor keybindings
You can use the keybindings of your favorite text editor by setting them with a very simple command.
If editor is vi, then when you press the escape key, you will go into vi command mode, where you can type 0 to go to the beginning of the line, dd to delete, etc.Code:set -o editor
Hack #9: hexdump
This is a command you can use to look inside a binary file and see its raw code, in hexadecimal. The command is:
Hack #10: xeyesCode:hexdump -C filename
An X-Window program that demonstrates cursor movement detection. A pair of eyes watches what you do and reports to the boss. Completely useless, but amusing.
Life's too short to be cool. Be a nerd.
Learning Programmer
You forgot the mention screen's best feature which is terminal persistence. If you start a program in screen, then close your terminal. When restarting screen you can reattach to that same session you left behind as if you never left.Hack #4: screen
screen is a Unix program that lets you have multiple windows open in the same console. When you enter screen by typing "screen", it brings up a window that gives you information about screen. screen has several keystrokes that you can use, all beginning with Ctrl+A. To add a new window, type Ctrl+A Ctrl+C, or if that doesn't work, Ctrl+A c (type those two keystrokes in succession). You can navigate between windows using keystrokes like Ctrl+A Ctrl+N (go to the next window) and Ctrl+A followed by a number (go to the numbered window). I'm still learning to use this, so I don't know much about it, but here are some of the commands:
Ctrl+A Ctrl+A - go to the last window open
Ctrl+A Ctrl+C - create a new window
Ctrl+A Ctrl+N - go to the next window
Ctrl+A N - go to the Nth window
Ctrl+A k - kill the current window
Ctrl+A " - prompt for which window to go to
The utility of terminal persistence cannot be under estimated and can be used in many many ways.
You can run an always on IRC client, mail client, connect remotely to many different systems at once, run system monitoring scripts, or anything else you can think of. Its an always on, never ending login session that you can continue from anywhere.
For example, from work I have one screen session from which I administrate many other boxes, but I also run my mail client and IRC client from screen. If I were to disconnect from anywhere and reconnect again my IRC client will still be running. Its as if I never left the chat room and I read up on the current conversation before saying anything.
Lets say I leave work with my terminal running at work and head home(my desktop is locked of course!). Once I get home I connect to my screen session without missing anything
I often use xeyes when testing to see if X11 forwarding over SSH is properly setup.Hack #10: xeyes
An X-Window program that demonstrates cursor movement detection. A pair of eyes watches what you do and reports to the boss. Completely useless, but amusing.
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Learning Programmer
Hehe, this is very cool!!Originally Posted by DarkLordoftheMonkeys
Code:unknownfear@ubuntu:~$ banner hello, codecall! # # ###### # # #### # # # # # # # ###### ##### # # # # ### # # # # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # ###### ###### ###### #### # ### #### #### ##### ###### #### ## # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # # # # # ##### # # # # # # # # # # # # # ###### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ### #### #### ##### ###### #### # # ###### ###### ###
Newbie
Thanks for this. Very useful to new Linux users.
I'd also like to contribute a list of commands.
Please note that not all of these are actually part of UNIX itself, and you may not find them on all UNIX machines. But they can all be used on
turing in essentially the same way, by typing the command and hitting return. Note that some of these commands are different on non-Solaris
machines. If you've made a typo, the easiest thing to do is hit CTRL-u to cancel the whole line. But you can also edit the command line...
UNIX is case-sensitive.
Basic Commands
ls --- lists your files
ls -l --- lists your files in 'long format', which contains lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file, who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified.
ls -a --- lists all files, including the ones whose filenames begin in a dot, which you do not always want to see.
There are many more options, for example to list files by size, by date, recursively etc.
* more filename --- shows the first part of a file, just as much as will fit on one screen. Just hit the space bar to see more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.
* emacs filename --- is an editor that lets you create and edit a file. See the emacs page.
* mv filename1 filename2 --- moves a file (i.e. gives it a different name, or moves it into a different directory (see below)
* cp filename1 filename2 --- copies a file
* rm filename --- removes a file. It is wise to use the option rm -i, which will ask you for confirmation before actually deleting anything. You can make this your default by making an alias in your .cshrc file.
* diff filename1 filename2 --- compares files, and shows where they differ
* wc filename --- tells you how many lines, words, and characters there are in a file
* chmod options filename --- lets you change the read, write, and execute permissions on your files. The default is that only you can look at them and change them, but you may sometimes want to change these permissions. For example, chmod o+r filename will make the file readable for everyone, and chmod o-r filename will make it unreadable for others again. Note that for someone to be able to actually look at the file the directories it is in need to be at least executable. See help protection for more details.
File Compression
o gzip filename --- compresses files, so that they take up much less space. Usually text files compress to about half their original size, but it depends very much on the size of the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools for this purpose, too (e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the original filename.
o gunzip filename --- uncompresses files compressed by gzip.
o gzcat filename --- lets you look at a gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr
* printing
o lpr filename --- print. Use the -P option to specify the printer name if you want to use a printer other than your default printer. For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-d', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their locations.
o lpq --- check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be printed before yours will come out
o lprm jobnumber --- remove something from the printer queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary as long as you use your default printer in the department.
o genscript --- converts plain text files into postscript for printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r \!* | lpr -h -Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.
o dvips filename --- print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages. See the LaTeX page for more information about how to save paper when printing drafts.
Directories
Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group files together in a hierarchical structure.
* mkdir dirname --- make a new directory
* cd dirname --- change directory. You basically 'go' to another directory, and you will see the files in that directory when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory', and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without arguments. 'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You don't have to walk along step by step - you can make big leaps or avoid walking around by specifying pathnames.
* pwd --- tells you where you currently are.
Finding things
* ff --- find files anywhere on the system. This can be extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This can also be useful for finding other things on the system, e.g. documentation.
* grep string filename(s) --- looks for the string in the files. This can be useful a lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file among many, figuring out which is the right version of something, and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.
About other people
* w --- tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their keyboards right at the moment.
* who --- tells you who's logged on, and where they're coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's actually physically in the same building as you, or in some other particular location.
* finger username --- gives you lots of information about that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. This information is also displayed by 'finger'.
* last -1 username --- tells you when the user last logged on and off and from where. Without any options, last will give you a list of everyone's logins.
* talk username --- lets you have a (typed) conversation with another user
* write username --- lets you exchange one-line messages with another user
* elm --- lets you send e-mail messages to people around the world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you can use, but the one we recommend. See the elm page, and find out about the departmental mailing lists (which you can also find in /user/linguistics/helpfile).
About your (electronic) self
* whoami --- returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.
* finger & .plan files
of course you can finger yourself, too. That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got new mail. Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. You should realize that this information is accessible from anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.
* passwd --- lets you change your password, which you should do regularly (at least once a year). See the LRB guide and/or look at help password.
* ps -u yourusername --- lists your processes. Contains lots of information about them, including the process ID, which you need if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you have been kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the number closer to the one of the ps command you're currently running. But if it happens, don't panic. Just try again
* kill PID --- kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the process a chance to finish possibly important business before dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your modem connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out properly, which sometimes happens.
* quota -v --- show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving them to your own computer).
* du filename --- shows the disk usage of the files and directories in filename (without argument the current directory is used). du -s gives only a total.
* last yourusername --- lists your last logins. Can be a useful memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been working for, and keeping track of your phonebill if you're making a non-local phonecall for dialling in.
Connecting to the outside world
* nn --- allows you to read news. It will first let you read the news local to turing, and then the remote news. If you want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then \tty{:man}, then \tty{=.*}, then \tty{Z}, then hit the space bar to step through the manual. Or look at the man page. Or check out the hypertext nn FAQ - probably the easiest and most fun way to go.
* rlogin hostname --- lets you connect to a remote host
* telnet hostname --- also lets you connect to a remote host. Use rlogin whenever possible.
* ftp hostname --- lets you download files from a remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a common method for exchanging academic papers and drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in /user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one file at once). Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, especially when your physical location doesn't correspond to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring anything other than ASCII text, use binary mode.
* lynx --- lets you browse the web from an ordinary terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host you can leave out the .stanford.edu part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit.
Miscellaneous tools
* webster word --- looks up the word in an electronic version of Webster's dictionary and returns the definition(s)
* date --- shows the current date and time.
* cal --- shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 'cal 10 1995' to get that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get the whole year.
You can find out more about these commands by looking up their manpages:
man commandname --- shows you the manual page for the command
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